The Slave Trade - 852 Words

Through the transportation use of the asientistas, the slave trade was constantly changing and integrated with the whole Atlantic economy. From 1595 to 1773, a total of 648,688 slaves, or an annual average of 3,381 slaves every year for the 178 years of trade. However, as with many economic understandings and studies changes are more important than the totals. Therefore, the changing sources of supply and destinations are of more importance. With Spanish records, the Guinea of Cape Verde and the region just south of Congo mouth were the main sources of slaves arriving to Spanish-America. More recently in 1997, Hugh Thomas published one of his better known works â€Å"The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 - 1870.† In his piece here Thomas speaks to the morals and ethics behind slavery as well as how the international profit-making business got started. At the very beginning, Columbus himself became a slave trader in the new Atlantic business, and thus th e slave economy began. â€Å"Very slowly, black slaves also began to be seen in the new Spanish imperial possessions. But this occurred without fanfare, and with false starts.† However, when the Spanish Crown heard the requests of many of its officials in the New World, they started to allow the supply of African workers. It grew rapidly and between 1529 and 1537 the Crown gave over 350 licenses to slavers to carry African workers to Peru. And less than 50 years later a constant supply was delivered to helpShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Trade1310 Words   |  6 PagesBrutalization of the Slave Trade In the 1600s, slavery played a significant role in European history. The negative aspects that made up the dark times in history are, mainly centered on the brutalizing effects of the enslaved people, which can be best explained by the destroyed family bonds, history of the enslaved people erased, and unjust treatment of the slaves. Olaudah Equiano, a former slave and abolitionist, was born in 1745, part of the Igbo tribe. He served as a slave for many years all overRead MoreSlave Trade1417 Words   |  6 PagesAfricans who have came to America were slaves who were purchased through the international slave trade. White colonists viewed Africans as uncivilized and ‘turned to the international slave trade to fill their labor needs.’ The white English settlers knew nothing of any other culture; people were thought to be white or Christian, anything else was ‘uncivilized’. Slavery served for two purposes; a labor system and racial control in a white country. The slave trade was important in building the colonialRead MoreAfrican Slaves And The Slave Trade995 Words   |  4 PagesAtlantic slave trade was at its peak. Many believe that only Europeans benefited from having Africans as slaves, but they are wrong. Africans of different tribes would destroy settlements, capture the villagers, and sell them at the market as they were a baked good at a farmer’s market in today’s society. Europeans and Africans both played a major role in the slave trade and are both to blame for the capturing and selling of African slaves. African’s played a much bigger role in the Atlantic Slave tradeRead MoreA Slave During The Slave Trade977 Words   |  4 Pagesto others, deserve it not for themselves (Chandler).† However, the question must be begged: what is slavery, and how much do people really know about some of the tragic stories that occurred during that time period? Olaudah Equiano was a slave during the slave trade who wrote an autobiography about his experiences with said topic. After being enslaved for ten years, he finally could afford to buy his freedom and become an anti-slavery activist. His text explains his trek across oceans in a ship withRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of the domestic slave trade because of the need for slaves in the tobacco planting lands. Many landowners and planters looked towards the Chesapeake area to seek for slaves. Many slave owners started looking towards that region because the International Slave Trade had been bloc kaded off. The domestic slave trade began something different; where African Americans were moved to a new location either through being sold or being transferred. Because of the desperate need of slaves in order to earnRead MoreAfrican Slaves And Slave Trade1880 Words   |  8 PagesSlaves and slave trade has been a paramount part of history for a very long time. In the years of the British thirteen colonies in North America, slaves and slave trade was a very consequential part of its development. It even carried on to virtually 200 years of Coalesced States history. The slave trade of the thirteen colonies was a paramount part of the colonies as well as Europe and Africa. In order to supply the thirteen colonies efficiently through trade, Europe developed the method of triangularRead MoreThe Trade Of The Atlantic Slave Trade3341 Words   |  14 Pages The Atlantic Slave Trade took place from the 16th century to the 19th century. Most of the slaves were taken from West Africa, but the trade also affected other parts of the continent. By the end of the trade, it became the biggest human migration to date. Generally, we know a lot about the effects slavery had in the New World, but we have less information on how the slave trade affected African societies. Although there were no scholars which contested the harm the slave trade caused, howeverRead MoreThe Terrible Trade Of The Slave Trade2289 Words   |  10 PagesThe Terrible Trade Screams for relief, cries for comfort, and moans for death all revolved around the slave trade. The slave trade is an event that not only impacted Africa, but the whole world. This essay will explain how cultures were ruined and families were torn apart. The slave trade has influenced history worldwide because it has impacted countries economically, socially, and politically. The Middle Passage received its name because it is in the middle of the Triangular Trade. Legs of the triangularRead MoreThe Terrible Trade Of The Slave Trade2324 Words   |  10 PagesTerrible Trade Screams for relief, cries for comfort, and moans for death all revolved around the slave trade. The slave trade is an event that not only impacted Africa, but the whole world even still today. This essay will explain how cultures were ruined and families were torn apart. The slave trade has influenced history worldwide because it has impacted continents economically, socially, and politically. The Middle Passage received its name because it is in the middle of the Triangular Trade. TheRead MoreThe Politics Of The Slave Trade1703 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics of the Slave Trade: Art Engaging Eighteenth-Century Audiences with the Abolitionist Movement Ella Ottaviano The rise of the abolitionist movement in the late eighteenth century, created a platform for artworks to be used as arguments for the abolition of slavery. Artworks during the Enlightenment employed a variety of visual techniques to emotionally engage their audiences with the politics of the slave trade and to elicit a sympathetic response from the viewer towards African slaves, strengthening

Modern Day Slavery And The Second Largest International...

Introduction Human trafficking has been an ongoing business that can be tracked many years back. Today it is considered to be modern day slavery and the second largest international organized crime industry. It brings in billions of dollars annually. Often human trafficking can be defined as the forced or coerced movement of people across national borders as well as within countries. Due to the increase of cultural and economic globalization, human trafficking sky rockets every year. Common areas victims are trafficked to parts of Asia, Europe and North America. Within the human trafficking sector, there are three major subsets. Sexual trafficking, Labor trafficking, and Organ trafficking. Sex trafficking is the largest subset within the†¦show more content†¦Due to the some of the factors stated above, I believe that human trafficking will only get worse. In my essay, I plan to discuss how these three countries are contributing to it, what theory I used to conduct my research and how it relates to the topic, the level of analysis/structure, sectorial processes, and my future prediction of human trafficking. Human Trafficking and Human Smuggling are often confused. There is a distinct difference between the two. According to the United States Department of States human smuggling is â€Å"the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person(s) across an international border, in violation of one or more countries laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents.† Human Trafficking is â€Å"the trafficking of persons for the purpose of committing commercial sex acts, or to subject them to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.† Structure/Level of Analysis/ Theory Although human trafficking is a global issue, the level of analysis I chose was regional. In this paper I am focusing on the Mekong region, where Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand are located. This region has a high amount of women and children that are trafficked into the sex industry. The theory I chose for this topic is Kenneth Waltz. Waltz is a neorealist and examines the international system from a top down view. He also looks at the behavior of states,

Origins of the Cold War free essay sample

Hence, I would deem the start of the Cold War as the point in time when the United States (US) stepped out of its policy of isolation and took up the policy of containment, thus effectively marking the start of a bitter bi-polar ideological struggle between the West, led by the US, and the East, led by the USSR, which never quite led to open or hot hostilities between the principals. Using the parameters that I have set, the Truman Doctrine would be, in my opinion, the most significant event that marked the start of the Cold War.Though it can be argued that Seamans Long Telegram advocated American resistance to what the West perceived as Soviet expansionism and was, therefore, fundamental in the establishment of the Truman Doctrine and that Churchill iron curtain speech made it clear that the Cold War was already in existence. It can also be argued that it was the Marshall Plan that had truly shown the motives of the US, which was to contain the spread of communism, and thus radicall y worsened the already sour ties between the LOS and the USSR. Also, perhaps some may say that Cadenza Two Camps speech was the main event that marked the start of the Cold War as it had caused much disruptions and hence, added to the atmosphere of tension. However it is due to the Truman Doctrine that created a snowball effect that caused the implementation of the Marshall Plan and Cadenza Two Camps speech was the Soviets response to the Truman Doctrine. Also Seamans Long Telegram and Churchill Iron Curtain speech were more like prequels to the start of the Cold War than the main causes.Hence, it is to a large extent that the Truman Doctrine had marked the start of the Cold War. It is in my argument that the Truman Doctrine was the main event that best raked the start of the Cold War, particularly on the political-ideological front. The Truman Doctrine which stated that it must be the policy of the united States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities and outside pressures-?was really devised to contain the spread of communism.At first, Stalin had still hoped for cooperation with the West as seen in how he remained neutral in the Greek civil war. However, as the US pressed on with their idea of global defense of the free world against communism, the Soviets retaliated with a similar logic of their own-?the Cadenza s Two Camps speech. Hence, this was a turning point in History as the US tur ned away from its policy of isolationism to containment and thus, forced the USSR to retaliate, hence causing the imminent divide of Europe. However, it can be argued that the Sadness Two Camps speech had been a result of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan, therefore, the Truman Doctrine was essentially just a political- ideological document which expressed US intent against the USSR. Nonetheless, it was crucial in the fact that, because of this, the US had unpremeditated committed herself to the military obligations of foreign countries in peacetime and henceforth started the bitter bi-polar ideological struggle between the West, led by the US, and the East, led by the USSR.The Marshall Plan was one of the key events that had led to the start of the Cold War on the economic front. The Marshall Plan-?which was said to be a calculated risk to stop World War 3 before it starts-?was actually a plan to aid Western Europe to prevent attraction to the idea of communism and henceforth fall into the hands of the USSR. Although the Marshall plan had excluded neither USSR nor the Eastern Europe, there were conditions ap plied such that the USSR could not/would not apply for aid.This had led to the economic division of Europe; where on one side there was the Western Europe receiving aid from US and on the other side USSR and Eastern Europe refusing the aid. However, this plan would not even have been possible had US not stepped out of its policy of isolationism, hence it is more apt to say that it was the Truman Doctrine that had made all these possible. Nevertheless, the Marshall Plan had saw the economic division of Europe and once was one key event that helped led to the start of the Cold War.Cadenzas Two Camps speech can also be argued as one Of the key events that led to the start of the Cold War on the part of the USSR. Sadness Two Camps speech-?which claimed that the world had been divided into two camps; an anti-imperialist and democratic camp led by the ISRC and an imperialist and anti-democratic camp headed by the US-?marked the point in time when Stalin no longer believed that cooperation was possible and also clearly indicating the political-ideological division of Europe. Is had led to the abandonment of the policy of cooperation with the West and the seizing of power and creation of societies modeled on the Soviet system where possible. However, it was not to say that this was the main event that had led to the start of the Cold War as it was essentially due to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Nonetheless, Sa dness Two Camps speech had marked the point in time when Stalin no longer believed that cooperation was possible and an outright declaration that they are not going to hold back any longer.Seamans Long Telegram was one of the key events that marked the start of the Cold War on the political front, though not as a direct cause but more of a prequel. Keenan claimed that it was no use for America to grant the Soviets any concessions or compromises since the Soviets were bent on total destruction of rivals, and that Western nations must band together in a more cohesive bloc, and this would be led by the US. This had prompted Truman to define the Soviets as the enemy and to develop a clearer and tougher policy (I. E. The Truman Doctrine) towards them and hence reinforced suspicion and struts into American and Public opinion.Also, due to this, it had more or less advocated American resistance to what the West perceived as Soviet Truman Doctrine and thus also Sadness Two Camps speech, which was when the USSR felt that cooperation with the wartime allies no longer possible. However, it would be unfair to say that Seamans Long Telegram was one of the key events that marked the start of the Cold War and leave it at that, especially when we consider the fact that Stalin was still keen on maintaining peacetime cooperation as can be seen f rom the fact that he myself did not respond to the Long Telegram, instead choosing to remain silent.Hence, it could not be said that the start of the Cold War was ignited by Seamans Long Telegram. Nonetheless, it did play a key role in paving the way for the start of the Cold War and hence, I would consider it an important prequel to the Cold War itself. Churchill Iron Curtain speech can also be seen as an event that had marked the start of the Cold War on the political front, however, in my argument; it would also not be an event that best marks the start of the Cold War.Churchill Iron Curtain speech, in which he had called for an American-British alliance to meet the communist menace, had encouraged hostility towards the USSR. He said that an iron curtain had descended across Europe and the Soviets were building an empire in Eastern Europe behind this curtain. Hence, he called for an American-British alliance to prevent this Soviet expansion. This had created paranoia and hardened the US public opinion against the USSR, especially with one particular phrase of the speech: .. . Then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all.Thus, this in turn translates into the hardening of the Uses policies towards the USSR and therefore, lead to the start of the Cold War. This is because the hardening of the Uses policies against the USSR meant that the US had put into action its policy of containment. Thus, it is still more appropriate to say that it was the Truman Doctrine that best marks the start of the Cold War as it is the event that had started the Uses policy of containment. Hence, it is not the event that best marks the Start Of the Cold War and so, even though many may argue that it s; my stand still stays the same.

Lyndon B. Johnson Essays - Vice Presidents Of The United States

Lyndon B. Johnson Early Life. ----------- Johnson was born on Aug. 27, 1908, near Johnson City, Tex., the eldest son of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His father, a struggling farmer and cattle speculator in the hill country of Texas, provided only an uncertain income for his family. Politically active, Sam Johnson served five terms in the Texas legislature. His mother had varied cultural interests and placed high value on education; she was fiercely ambitious for her children. Johnson attended public schools in Johnson City and received a B.S. degree from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He then taught for a year in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to a Democratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. During the next 4 years Johnson developed a wide network of political contacts in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 17, 1934, he married Claudia Alta Taylor, known as "Lady Bird." A warm, intelligent, ambitious woman, she was a great asset to Johnson's career. They had two daughters, Lynda Byrd, born in 1944, and Luci Baines, born in 1947. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House. Johnson greatly admired the president, who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration in Texas. This job, which Johnson held from 1935 to 1937, entailed helping young people obtain employment and schooling. It confirmed Johnson's faith in the positive potential of government and won for him a group of supporters in Texas. In 1937, Johnson sought and won a Texas seat in Congress, where he championed public works, reclamation, and public power programs. When war came to Europe he backed Roosevelt's efforts to aid the Allies. During World War II he served a brief tour of active duty with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific (1941-42) but returned to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt recalled members of Congress from active duty. Johnson continued to support Roosevelt's military and foreign-policy programs. During the 1940s, Johnson and his wife developed profitable business ventures, including a radio station, in Texas. In 1948 he ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic party primary by only 87 votes. (This was his second try; in 1941 he had run for the Senate and lost to a conservative opponent.) The opposition accused him of fraud and tagged him "Landslide Lyndon." Although challenged, unsuccessfully, in the courts, he took office in 1949. Senator and Vice-President. --------------------------- Johnson moved quickly into the Senate hierarchy. In 1953 he won the job of Senate Democratic leader. The next year he was easily reelected as senator and returned to Washington as majority leader, a post he held for the next 6 years despite a serious heart attack in 1955. The Texan proved to be a shrewd, skillful Senate leader. A consistent opponent of civil rights legislation until 1957, he developed excellent personal relationships with powerful conservative Southerners. A hard worker, he impressed colleagues with his attention to the details of legislation and his willingness to compromise. In the late 1950s, Johnson began to think seriously of running for the presidency in 1960. His record had been fairly conservative, however. Many Democratic liberals resented his friendly association with the Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower; others considered him a tool of wealthy Southwestern gas and oil interests. Either to soften this image as a conservative or in response to inner conviction, Johnson moved slightly to the left on some domestic issues, especially on civil rights laws, which he supported in 1957 and 1960. Although these laws proved ineffective, Johnson had demonstrated that he was a very resourceful Senate leader. To many northern Democrats, however, Johnson remained a sectional candidate. The presidential nomination of 1960 went to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Kennedy, a northern Roman Catholic, then selected Johnson as his running mate to balance the Democratic ticket. In November 1960 the Democrats defeated the Republican candidates, Richard M. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, by a narrow margin. Johnson was appointed by Kennedy to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, a post that enabled him to work on behalf of blacks and other minorities. As vice-president, he also undertook some missions abroad, which offered him some limited insights into international problems. Presidency. ----------- The assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963, elevated Johnson to the White House, where he quickly proved a masterful, reassuring leader in the realm of domestic affairs. In 1964, Congress passed a tax-reduction law that promised to promote economic growth and the Economic Opportunity Act, which launched the program called the War on Poverty. Johnson was especially skillful in

My Journal during the Gettysburg essays

My Journal during the Gettysburg essays Today is the day Tuesday June 30th, 1863. Variable weather. There is sunshine and rain. On the 24th General Robert E. Lee leads the troops across the Potomac River headed towards Pennsylvania. General Lee is the Commander of the Northern Virginia Army. Major cities in the North such as Philadelphia, Baltimore and even Washington were under attack. We are preparing for what can be the best ore the worst. I was assigned as the aide to General Robert E. Lee. General Lee is known to be a hard general. He commanded the US Military Academy and in 1861 was made commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces. The Union Army of the Potomac under its very new and inexperienced commander, General George G. Meade, marched to intercept Lee. Not much has happened today it hasnt been bad and there wasnt really any casualties. This evening, there is much activity. Troops are withdrawn from all parts to march to Gettysburg. Reports that all ready there has been an engagement at Cashtown. The cooks are busy preparing rations for the next few days. Today I wrote my family a letter. I miss my son Gabriel and my wife Alicia. Im glad to fight for my country America and I am more than willing to do anything to keep us together. On this Wednesday morning, two divisions of Confederates headed back to Gettysburg. Its a very muddy day from yesterdays rain. They ran into Federal cavalry west of the town at Willoughby Run and the battle began. Events would quickly escalate. General Lee rushed 25,000 men to the scene. The Union had less than 20,000. There was fierce fighting and many casualties on both sides. Lee ordered for me to tell Confederate General R.S. Ewell to seize the high ground from the battle from the Federals if practicable. General Ewell hesitated to attack giving the Union troops a chance to dig in along Cemetery Ridge and bring in reinforcements with artillery. By the time General Lee realized ...

New York Metropolitan Area Facts

New York Metropolitan Area Facts The New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area is the new official federal government name and definition for the greater New York City metropolitan area. It huge and encompasses thirty counties in the greater New York City region consists of the following Metropolitan and Micropolitan areas: Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical AreaKingston, NY Metropolitan Statistical AreaNew Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical AreaNew York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical AreaPoughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical AreaTorrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical AreaTrenton-Ewing, NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area New York City Region Descriptions Below, you will find descriptions of each of the seven above areas and how they are defined. The Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Fairfield County (including the principal cities of Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, Danbury, and Stratford) The Kingston, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Ulster County. The New Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of New Haven County. The New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of the principal cities of New York, NY; Newark, NJ; Edison, NJ; White Plains, NY; Union, NJ; and Wayne, NJ. Officially, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area is subdivided into the: Edison, NJ Metropolitan Division (Middlesex County, Monmouth County, Ocean County, and Somerset County)Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Division (Nassau County and Suffolk County)Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division (Essex County, NJ; Hunterdon County, NJ; Morris County, NJ; Sussex County, NJ; Union County, NJ; and Pike County, PA)New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division (Bergen County, NJ; Hudson County, NJ; Passaic County, NJ; Bronx County, NY; Kings County, NY; New York County, NY; Putnam County, NY; Queens County, NY; Richmond County, NY; Rockland County, NY; and Westchester County, NY) The Torrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Litchfield County. The Trenton-Ewing, NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Mercer County.

Health, Safety and Environmental Legislation for Engineers Assignment

Health, Safety and Environmental Legislation for Engineers - Assignment Example ISO ISO abbreviated as â€Å"International Organization of Standardization† is the world’s largest organization that develops, authenticates and publishes international standards (ISO 2010a). It was founded on February 1947 and it is a non-governmental organization that has national standard institutes of 163 countries and has its central secretariat in Geneva Switzerland (ISO 2010a). Now the question arises, what actually ISO does and how they make standards and who want to follow those standards? ISO develops certain standards for educational, industrial, business and commercial organizations that not only ensure the quality of their product but also draws a framework for the developmental activities to be performed in those organizations (ISO 2010a). These standards ensure that the products and services are high quality, safe, reliable efficient and environmental friendly. This set criteria of standards help public to get satisfied with the products and services that are following these standards and thus overall consumption and usage become more reliable and efficient (ISO 2010a). There is a long procedure for making ISO standards but we take a brief and helpful review of that. ISO develops any standard on demand and need of that standard by a stakeholder or industry sector. The proposal for the new standard is placed before a Technical committee of ISO for majority vote and further discusses this with their members in developing and developed countries (ISO 2010a). After getting positive response from every corner standard is made by technical committees that have experts from industrial, technical and business sectors. Every organization that wishes to have more efficient working environment, safer and cleaner product manufacturing, reliability and creditability uses ISO standardization and certification (ISO 2010a). ISO14001 ISO14001 is one of the standards of series of 14000. 14001 not only provides a standard for products and services to any educational, industrial, business and technical organizations but also helps them in setting a framework for environmental friendly activities (ISO 2010b). It enables organizations to develop, maintain and improve environmental management system and it is applicable to those areas of organizations that have significant impact on environment or which can control environment by their industrial or business activities. ISO14001 is an international standard that allows any organization to improve and enhance their environmental impact (ISO 2010b). Any organization that desires a certification of its environmental management system by a third party organization and want to reduce or eliminate the services causing negative impact on environment can use ISO14001 (ISO 2010b). In addition to providing environmental friendly and efficient framework activities to the organizations, there are a number of other benefits that can be achieved by organizations after getting certification of ISO 14001. ISO14001 makes organizations position stable by ensuring them reliable to stakeholders. It defines organization as innovative to customers and business partners. It helps organizations in managing their environment

Zionism and Arab Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zionism and Arab Nationalism - Essay Example For instance the Arab nationalist movements based on the religion than any other factor, contrary to this Zionism was more of ethnic based than any other factor. Some of the nationalist movement have also actively participated in the political arena by agitating for the rights and fairness of their people to whom they share political ideology. It is interesting to note that both Arab nationalism and Zionism were founded to champion for the interest of certain specific groups of people. Arab nationalism in this case was founded to recognize the Arab world in terms of uniting al the Arabs from all over the world and celebrating their glories, culture and literal work (Goldschmidt Arthur and Lawrence, 2009). Though this is the official claim for the formation of the Arab nationalism, other sources indicate that the rapid growing of the western civilization necessitated its formation and uncontrolled spread of the western culture in most parts of the world. To give a counter check on the same, Arab nationalism was formed to make the Arab culture more salient and recognizable in the world equally, so it can be argued to be a retaliatory action. Zionism on the other hand was formed to recognize the Jews, in their core beliefs; the nationalist movement recognized Jews population anywhere in the world without boundary restriction (Esposito, 2011). Looking at the two nationalist movements, one will recognize that both were not bi-ethnical but purely mono-ethnical movements that were put into place to champion for the respective ethnic groups. The formation period of the nationalistic movements differs; the Arab nationalism was formed in the 1920 s, the Zionism was formed in the 1940 s (Bosworth, 2007). Questions as to whether both Zionism and Arab nationalism met the threshold of nationalism before World War I is quite clear. It is important to recognize the definition of what nationalism is; it is a show of extreme patriotism and belonging to a particular nation. In th is light, only the Arab nationalism met the threshold at the time. The Arab nationalism was already formed in a clear territorial entity since it was unequivocal in its area of influences. This was is not the case with Zionism that were operating ubiquitously and meant for any Jews in any part of the world (Bosworth, 2007). Zionism was labeled a racist organization that seemed to be busybody championing for the rights of the Jews as if they were to be considered blue-eyed boys by the rest of the world (Esposito, 2011). The acts demonstrated by Zionism are believed to have led to the massacre persecution of the Jews by Germans leader Adolf Hitler during his dictatorial regime then. Hitler ordered the persecution of the Germans in an attempt to wipe them out of Germany regarding them as evil people (Goldschmidt Arthur and Lawrence, 2009). In contrast, Zionism during its initial formation was rather amorphous unlike the Arab nationalism. Zionism in the early days did not have any terri torial concentration of its people and were just operating widely in any part of the world. They claimed no nation of their own this is significantly contrasting with the way Arab nationalism was organized. The Arab movement recognized their territorial areas as well as their religious orientation. It was more defined and clear on its quest; to counter the unprecedented spread of the western power and civilization. They aimed at recognizing the achievement of the Arab community, the cultural affairs of the Arabs as well as the

Presidential Electoral System Essay Example for Free

Presidential Electoral System Essay The Presidential Electoral System of the United States is one that is unique among the electoral systems of nations all over the world as it breaks down into separate elections of each federal state – 51 – which is then integrated to determine the winning candidate.   Members of the Electoral College are tasked to select their preference for the chief executive position, which is then committed as the vote of the state.   The members of the Electoral College are in theory tasked to reflect the sentiments of the state residents. (Paulson, 2000) The presidential candidate that would obtain the majority vote would be declared as the winning candidate; the absence of the majority vote would lead to intervention from the House of Representatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This system is in fact very different from the popularity vote system, as there is a possibility that there would be a difference between the electoral vote gained and the popularity vote.   Several times in history this occurrence has transpired, which then puts the presidential electoral system in question. (Burrill, 1975)   This becomes quite a controversy as the Electoral College would not reflect popular sentiment, which is sometimes argued to be paradoxical, as it runs conflict with the democratic principle of communal decision-making.   The justification for the present electoral system is to give credence to small states that may be overwhelmed by votes from the larger states. (Paulson, 2000) It is noted to bring about equitable distribution of opportunity to select for all states regardless of population size.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several criticisms as to the conduct of the United States presidential electoral system.   For one, it is a winner-take-all system that is disadvantageous for third party candidates.   Because it is only the two dominant parties of the Republicans and Democrats that can elicit electoral victories through the Electoral College system, then Third Party candidates has less opportunity to win. (Paulson, 2000)   Another criticism, as was mentioned, it is at times does not reflect the true popular sentiment of the voters.   It has been several times in history that there is a result disparity between the Electoral College victor and the recipient of the most number of popular votes. This therefore leads to the problem that â€Å"not every vote may count†, for there is this possibility of winning the electoral vote of the state without consideration for the margin of victory.   This has been the case in the 2000 Presidential elections wherein Bush won the most number of electoral votes because of small states, while Gore, while receiving more popular votes because of the bigger states, received less electoral votes.  Ã‚   There is also a large impact on how campaigning are then being conducted, as candidates would prefer to focus on states that would be consequential to moving the results of the electoral voting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several proposals to amend such type of electoral system. First is the adoption of the one-person-one-vote, and adopt a simple pluralist or majoritarian system.   In this way, the total number of popular votes, and not the number of electoral votes, would then determine the election winner.   Another is to proportionally distribute the electoral votes, and not the winner-take-all system. For instance, if a candidate, in a state with 30 electoral votes gets 70% of the vote, then s/he would be entitled to 21 electoral votes.   In that way, there is more consideration for the margin of preferences of the state citizens. In fact, this proportional representation system or even the direct election system can prove to be more appealing to the public than the electoral voting process, which tends to not place value on individual preferences.   The electoral system must be amended to reflect the democratic choices of the citizens. References Burrill, Richard. (1975). Controversy Over the Presidential Electoral System. United   Ã‚  Ã‚   States: R and E Research Associates. Diamond, Larry, and Marc Plattner, Eds. (2006). Electoral Systems and Democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Paulson, Arthur. (2000). Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Electoral Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. United States:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Praeger Publishers.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Blood Different imagery are seen through out the play one of the imagery is blood.In Macbeth by Wiiliam Shakespear in every scene the image of blood changes, it changes through remores, bravery, and guilt. The characters affected by all of this is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth since they are the ones with blood in their hands. The imagery of blood seens to effected all the characters in the play. One that is affected by all of this is Lady Macbeth, when she is found sleepwalkig and talking to herself after the murder of Duncan and Banquo, " Here the smell of blood still. All the perfume of Aradia will not sweeten this little hands"(5.1.53-55) Shakespear by use of blood makes Lady Macbeth goes crazy by the actions that she has done. Makes it obvious that being evil brings unhappiness and guilt of what she has done in the past. At the beginning Lady Macbeth starts all of this by asking the spirits to, "make thick my blood"(1.5.50) She asking them to make her remorseless and wrong for the actions that is about to do. She did not have the control over har own conscience since she has remorse and guilt over her actions, but it is all ready too late since she has gone crazy and paranoid of blood being on her hands. Macbeth in the other hand has not yet gone crazy, but at the beginning the captain said, " Which smoked with bloody exection"(1.2.20) Shakespear uses blood in a whole defferent way. This time the meaning of blood is of the brave fighter that Macbeth is with the bloody sword he has of his enemies in the battle he fought. This time is shown as a action in which has nothing to do with beginning evil but as a fighter of a country. Macbeth does not shows his true self to his wife and hides in his words he speaks of guilt. "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean for my hands?"(2.2.78-79) Macbeth wounders if he will ever forgive his own actions.At the banquet it is when Macbeth shows a little of his guilt of killing Banquo, since his ghost appears to him as a sign of guilt.Shakespear makes this imagery of blood as

Qualitative Versus Quantitative Methods in Education Research

All educational (and other) research falls into two broad methodological categories: qualitative and quantitative (Lincoln & Denzin, 1994; Charles, 1998; Merriam, 1998; Holliday, 2001). â€Å"Research that relies on verbal data is called qualitative research, while research that relies on numerical data is called quantitative research [emphasis original]† (Charles, p. 30). Various opinions exist, depending on one†s viewpoint, experience, or preference, about which of the two major approaches to education research, qualitative or quantitative, is better. In my own opinion, neither quantitative research in education nor qualitative research in education is inherently â€Å"better† or â€Å"worse†; one†s research method must spring from the design and content of the project itself. To decide on one research method or another, based on other reasons, seems to me both artificial and possibly harmful to the project. I believe that both of these methods are inherently, equally useful depending on how and why they are used, and on what is expected from the project by the researcher and others. According to Charles (1998), the original impetus for any educational research project, either qualitative or quantitative, springs from an initial recognition of a particular problem or concern, perhaps previously unidentified or insufficiently researched: A concern is identified for which there is no ready answer. The concern may have arisen because of a need, an interest, or a requirement, or a commissioned work, and may have been present for a long time or may have arisen unexpectedly. For example . . . ducators have identified a disturbing pattern of academic achievement in . . . schools-students from certain ethnic groups seem to progress more rapidly than others, despite the educators† efforts to provide equal educational opportunities for all. (p. 10). We would use qualitative research . . . to investigate and describe the after-school activities of . . . high school students newly arrived from El Salvador. We would try to document carefully who did what, and the data thus obtained would be mostly verbal, acquired through observation, otation, and recording. On the other hand, if we wished to assess the language and mathematics abilities of those same students, we would use quantitative research. . . . administer tests that yield numerical scores we could analyze statistically. (Charles) Qualitative research in education involves using research methods that might include observation; interviewing, or shadowing of research subjects, and/or interpretation of data, from an individual, non-empirical perspective. Quantitative research, on the other hand, uses methods like statistical surveys; questionnaires with results are broken down by percentages, and interpreted on that basis, and other empirical (rather than interpretative) methods. It is also possible, within some education research projects, to combine qualitative and quantitative research into one project, for example, by doing both statistical surveys of minority high school students on their feelings about access to college-preparatory and advanced placement courses, and personal observations of minority students within their high schools. I see considerable merit within both educational research methods, and have read a number of both qualitative and quantitative studies that I have found worthwhile and helpful. Therefore, I believe that it depends on one†s project design, and one†s goals for the project, whether one should select either a quantitative or a qualitative research method, or perhaps a combination of both methods, to best achieve one†s goals for an educational research project.

Earth Is Being Harmed by Human Activity Essay

Earth is being harmed by human activity. Humans already made the earth being damaged and it is because of their own activity. In this essay I will describe how people can damaged the earth in more specific like in environment problems. Humans are responsible for taking what they believe is theirs and finding ways to destroy it. Human activity is a behavior or the way that people doing in this environment in a good or bad ways. There are two topics of my essay that will support my opinion to agree with the topic which is earth is being harmed by human activity. There are pollution, and excessive logging. These three topics will contain specific example which are will connected with the human activity. â€Å"Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment†(2013). It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disaster. Pollutions have a huge effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life. There are so many human activities that accidentally or not already made the earth became damaged. And one of them is pollution, pollution is one of the big problem that we face now. There are three pollutions such as, air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution. Air pollution became the most famous issue in the world right now. â€Å"Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substance into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter†(2013). The simple example from human activity that accidentally we made or not of air pollution are when we drive car and the car will release the emission. One more is tobacco smoke, believe it or not smokers have a big role in air pollution. It contains the most dangerous element of air pollution for health. Fact of cigarettes â€Å"Cigarette smoke produces 10 times more air pollutions than diesel car exhaust†(2004). Surely all of these problems started from human activity and make a big impact for all human being in the world. The other examples again from air pollution are acid rains, aerosol sprays, manufacturing building, paint fumes, etc. The second is water pollution, â€Å" Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life † (2004). A few facts of water pollution are â€Å"Over 73 different kinds of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we eventually use to drink† (2004). And in my opinion, this issue is very clear to describe how big damaged that our earth got from human activity. We can’t blame anybody in this case but at least we should realize and try to think how to react and do after we know about this one. One simple example from me are try to use non-toxic material and avoid using pesticides that can run off into water systems. And the last one is land pollution, which is maybe we don’t notice at all but have the big impact on us. One fact from land pollution is â€Å"We throw away enough trash every day to fill 63. 000 garbage trucks† (2004). If we realize earlier that how big impact that have we done in this earth maybe we can handle this one and decide a solution to save our earth from our activity. The second topic is excessive logging. Nowadays many people never think before they want to cut down the trees. They just cut the trees without thinking how big affect that will they get after they cut the trees to excessive or over. Some people just think in an economical thinking like they will cut almost all of trees and not thinking how many trees they still keep for the future. Actually that is really really a bad thinking, we should think in an environmental way as well. We can’t live the life in the future if we don’t think about it from now. â€Å"Excessive logging is one of the big issues that we should think after pollution†(1991). Actually we just need a good paradigm to think about this problem and how can we solve this problem. One of many example that we can learn from this case is try to limit the demand and supply. Maybe it will have another reaction in the economic, but we should think in environment way as well. For example, some company should limit their logging and maybe increase the cost of the wood so it will decrease the demand supply wood from the consumer. In my opinion this problem will make a complicated situation which is will make another problem but so far if we can handle it together and think about this one slowly, for sure we can solve this one clearly. And in the conclusion, The earth is being harmed or damaged by human activity is genuinely right for me. Many examples that I told and spread in this essay. From the pollutions which is include Air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution. Three of them have their own impact in this world. For example air pollution release a bad effect from automobile emission, water pollution came from many pesticide and trash that everyone throw to the river or sea and made the sea became dirty and polluted. And land pollution also came from trash that we throw on the land and made our land contaminated and can’t reduce or recycle the things again, moreover land pollution became the first impact that we got because we stay on the land. And actually we should solve this problem first before we solve the others. And because all of these pollutions came from human activity we should fight and find the solution before too late. Excessive logging also have a big role beside the pollutions, maybe trees still growing but we never think that human activity is too expose the resources and never think what will happen in the future if we are to expose or excessive logging. Because we made the problems first and definitely we should find the solution for our best future. â€Å"Human activity should be reduce, and limit the demand to make environment sustainably† (2002).

Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay Example

Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay Example Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay Fleshiness has been defined as a status in which extra organic structure fat has accumulated to an extent that wellness may be adversely affected. The categorization of corpulence and fleshiness allows the designation of persons and groups at increased hazard of morbidity and premature mortality. 1. Analyze the fleshiness job in the U. S. as compared to another developed state in which the fleshiness job is non as important. Include factors such as age. gender. race. socioeconomic position. and matrimonial position in your analysis. Speculate the ground why the rate of fleshiness is higher in the U. S. than the other state. Obesity has been such a battle for Americans since the early 1980s. Harmonizing to Fleming. major attempt to cut down the proportion of members who are fleshy or fleshiness involves a strategic program ( Fleming. 2008 ) . Fleshiness varies by age. gender. and by race-ethnic groups. A higher organic structure weight is associated with an increased incidence of a figure of conditions. including diabetes mellitus. cardiovascular disease. and nonalcoholic fatso liver disease. and with an increased hazard of disablement. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased hazard of all-cause mortality. However. the net consequence of corpulence and fleshiness on morbidity and mortality is hard to quantify. It is likely that a gene-environment interaction. in which genetically susceptible persons respond to an environment with increased handiness of toothsome energy-dense nutrients and decreased chances for energy outgo. contributes to the current high prevalence of fleshiness ( The Epidemiology of Obesity. 2007 ) . The United States is non entirely in sing additions in the prevalence of fleshiness. Similar additions have been reported from a figure of other states and parts of the universe. For illustration. in England. the prevalence of fleshiness ( BMI is greater than or equal to 30 ) among adult females 25–34 old ages of age increased from 12 % to 24 % in merely 9 old ages between 1993 and 2002. In Portugal. additions in fleshy among school-age kids besides have been found. Less-developed states besides have seen additions in fleshiness ( The Epidemiology of Obesity. 2007 ) . Among preschool-age kids in urban countries of China. the prevalence of fleshiness increased from 1. 5 % in 1989 to 12. 6 % in 1997 ( The Epidemiology of Obesity. 2007 ) . Differences in the prevalence of fleshiness between states in Europe or between race-ethnic groups in the United States tend to be more marked for adult females than for work forces. For illustration. in Europe. the WHO Multinational Monitoring of tendencies and determiners in cardiovascular disease survey. which gathered informations from 39 sites in 18 states. found the prevalence of fleshiness was similar for work forces across all sites ( The Epidemiology of Obesity. 2007 ) . For adult females. nevertheless. there were pronounced differences in prevalence between sites. with higher values for adult females from Eastern Europe. Similarly. in the United States. there are pronounced differences in the prevalence of fleshiness by race-ethnic group for adult females but non for work forces. Harmonizing to the U. S. fleshiness tendency. the southern provinces have the highest prevalence of fleshiness out of all the 50 provinces. The CDC stated that more than tierce of U. S. grownups ( 35. 7 % ) are corpulent. Approximately 17 % ( or 12. 5 million ) of kids and striplings aged 2-19 old ages are corpulent ( Overweight and Obesity. 2011 ) . 2. Compare fleshiness rates and obesity-related wellness attention costs in your province to all of the U. S. Recommend how your province can handle fleshiness as a menace to public wellness. As stated above. Georgia is one of the southern provinces that have a high prevalence mortality rate. The greatest job with the statistical linkages between organic structure mass and mortality is that other confusing factors are non considered. go forthing small footing for pulling causal illations. Most epidemiological surveies gauging the relationship between organic structure weight and mortality do non command for fittingness. exercising. diet quality. weight cycling. diet drug usage. economic position. or household history. Furthermore. in surveies that control for some of these factors. the informations are normally self-reported and therefore of highly questionable dependability. Georgia ranks 17th most corpulent province in the state. Fleshiness is one of the biggest public wellness challenges. Millions of Americans still face barriers like the high cost of healthy nutrients and deficiency of entree to safe topographic points to be physically active. There has been a important addition in wellness attention cost in conformity to fleshiness. The one-year cost of fleshiness in Georgia is estimated at $ 2. 1 billion ( $ 250 per Georgian each twelvemonth ) . which includes direct wellness attention costs and lost productiveness from disease. disablement. and decease ( indirect costs ) ( Georgia Data Summary. 2008 ) . Treatment of this epidemic would be instead hard. At a federal degree. the new wellness reform jurisprudence. the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. has the possible to turn to the fleshiness epidemic through a figure of bar and health commissariats. expand coverage to 1000000s of uninsured Americans. and make a dependable support watercourse through the creative activity of the Prevention and Public Health Fund. Peoples who are fleshy or corpulent have a higher hazard for decease than people of optimum ( normal ) weight. An estimation of extra mortality is called the population attributable hazard ( PAR ) . PAR is an estimation of the proportion of deceases caused by a peculiar hazard factor. in this instance. corpulence and fleshiness. The PAR represents the proportion of deceases in a population that would be eliminated if the hazard factor were removed from the population. The PAR for corpulence and fleshiness is the fraction of all deceases that would non happen if everyone were of optimum ( normal ) weight. The PAR from corpulence and fleshiness is estimated utilizing the prevalence of corpulence and fleshiness in Georgia and the comparative hazard for deceasing among fleshy and corpulent individuals compared with normal weight individuals. The hazard varies by age and sex. In Georgia. about 10 % of the entire figure of deceases each twelvemonth is attributable to overweight or fleshiness. indicating that about 6. 700 Georgians dies yearly because they are fleshy or corpulent. About 1. 500 ( 22 % ) of the extra deceases occur among people who are overweight. and 5. 200 ( 78 % ) occur among those who are corpulent ( Georgia Data Summary. 2008 ) . 3. Suggest how political relations of this issue will impede your ability as an epidemiologist to assist your community and / or province trade with the issue of fleshiness. The medical costs of fleshiness in the U. S. have been estimated at $ 75 – $ 100 billion a twelvemonth. The estimation for Georgia is about $ 2. 1 billion per twelvemonth. or $ 250 per Georgian per twelvemonth. Excess organic structure fat is associated with both direct costs such as diagnostic and intervention services related to overweight and fleshiness. and indirect costs such as lost rewards and decreased productiveness due to illness. disablement. and premature decease ( Georgia Data Summary. 2008 ) . As an epidemiologist. the excess financess would non be available to assist those persons that are corpulent and want to lose the weight. The U. S. is already passing a big sum of money through medical cost for those corpulent persons. A authorities grant to assist persons may even acquire refused because once more. the support is coming from the authorities. Politicss would non desire to supply support for a start of a plan because it is cost efficient and could be expensive. We are now at a point where authoritiess are tardily cognizant of the menace that lifting fleshiness airss to population wellness every bit good as to society’s economic wellbeing and the natural environment. The consciousness of the size and complexness of the job is besides germinating into an consciousness of the demand for multiple actions to accomplish a high plenty dose of solutions’ . There is widespread understanding that a multi-sectorial response will be needed from authoritiess. the private sector. civil society and the populace. 4. Propose four ( 4 ) new policies or Torahs that the authorities can implement to turn to the fleshiness job in the U. S. Include the deductions of those policies or Torahs on people. wellness insurance. wellness attention suppliers. concerns. and the nutrient industry. In an ideal universe. authoritiess would hold been supervising population fleshiness tendencies and have acted early to implement the actions needed to hold and change by reversal the fleshiness epidemic. However. this is non the common world and. so. merely a smattering of states have supervising systems in topographic point to observe alterations in the prevalence of fleshiness and its hazard factors. As stated above in inquiry figure two a new wellness reform jurisprudence has to turn to the fleshiness epidemic through different health. and supplying coverage to the 1000000s of Americans. Government could besides publish a community transmutation grant to persons that have transformed their corpulent organic struc tures into healthy balanced organic structures. Policies to cut down nursery emanations. such as corporate and single C trading. would be powerful stealing intercessions for fleshiness bar. Congestion revenue enhancements. car-free metropoliss. public conveyance growing and other urban planning options will hold increased physical activity as a good side consequence and therefore lend to obesity bar. Reducing the C cost of nutrient could besides hold an consequence on energy consumption since many of the energy dense nutrients which promote fleshiness tend to be more processed. packaged nutrients in other words. higher in C costs. 5. Assess and turn to the causes which have made fleshiness rates increase for the past decennary. Over the past three decennaries. fleshiness has increase significantly. While the exact grounds for increased planetary fleshiness were still undetermined. experts said altering wonts were likely subscribers. Diets are different than they were 30 old ages ago. and modern engineering has decreased physical activity. Developing states now have a batch of the comfortss that are commonplace in wealthier states. There are besides an addition of car. which we are widely dependent on and less walking or biking. In decision. the drivers of this pandemic that is now impacting rich and hapless states likewise must be planetary in nature and comparatively recent in oncoming. While biological hard-wiring explains the potency for the development of fleshiness. it can non explicate the secular tendencies in fleshiness prevalence. Worlds have. for good endurance grounds. evolved a biological science that is designed to maximise energy consumption and minimise physical activity. We seek and enjoy good tasting nutrient ( particularly sweet. fatty and piquant nutrients ) and we seek to cut down the attempt needed to make work ( by planing machines and engineering to make it for us ) . While these are powerful factors. our biological science has non changed over the last 30 old ages. What has changed dramatically is the environment around us – particularly the easy handiness of nutrients and energy-saving machines that feed those biological desires. It is the progressively obesogenic environments which are advancing particularly inordinate energy consumption but besides reduced physical effort that are driving secular tendencies.

Brand Name - Definition, Examples, and Discussion

Brand Name s, and Discussion A brand name is a  name (usually a proper noun) applied by a manufacturer or organization to a particular product or service. Brand names are usually capitalized. In recent years bicapitalized names (such as eBay and iPod) have become popular.   A brand name may be used and protected as a trademark. In writing, however, its not  usually necessary to identify trademarks with the letters  TM. Examples and Observations Jacuzzi is a commercial brand, hot tub is the generic term; i.e., all Jacuzzis are hot tubs, but not all hot tubs are Jacuzzis.(Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper in The Toast Derivation. The Big Bang Theory, 2011)Computer users searching online for information say they are Googling. Commercials running in states like Michigan and Ohio suggest that shoppers go Krogering. But what will investors make of a campaign that proposes they start Vanguarding?The campaign, scheduled to begin this week, turns the Vanguard brand name into a verb, the better to help potential customers remember the company’s mutual funds and other investment products.(Stuart Elliott, The Verb Treatment for an Investment House. The New York Times, March 14, 2010) Key Attributes of a Brand Name According to Kapferer (2000, p. 112), the brands name is often revealing of the brands intentions. It is a powerful source of identity and helps to project the intended image of the product against the competition and in the process of positioning a brand in the minds of the target audience (Ries and Trout 1980). In overcrowded markets with narrower segments, brand names play a crucial role. Susannah Hart (1998, p. 34) of Interbrand suggests that the key attributes of a brand name are: A name itself need not necessarily convey objectives or associations. Freestanding names like Shell, Kodak and Sony dont actually suggest any attribute or benefit, whereas associative names like Pampers, Visa and Comfort do.(Micael Dahlà ©n, Fredrik Lange, and Terry Smith, Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach. Wiley, 2010)allows brands to become part of everyday life by enabling consumers to specify, reject or recommend brands;can communicate overtly (e.g., Rentokil) or subconsciously; andcan become a valuable asset as it functions as a legal device. Background of Brand Naming Brand naming has existed for centuries. Italians made watermarks on paper in the twelve-hundreds, During the industrial revolution, companies sought to inspire consumer confidence with names borrowed from their owners’ families: Singer sewing machines, Fuller brushes, Hoover vacuumsall names that are still in use. Before the First World War, there was a wave of abstract names ending in o (like Brillo and Brasso), followed, in the nineteen-twenties, by one of ex names: Pyrex, Cutex, Windex. But, according to Eric Yorkston, a marketing professor at Texas Christian University, modern brand namingwith its sophisticated focus groups and its linguistic and psychological analysisbegan in the years after the Second World War, when the explosion of similar products from competing companies made imaginative naming an increasing necessity.(John Colapinto, Famous Names. The New Yorker, October 3, 2011) Brand Names and Logos Australia is to become the world’s first country to ban logos and branding on cigarette packets, in a move tobacco companies say will increase the black market trade. . . .Plain packaging, which will be introduced from July 1st, 2012, will mean cigarette packets will all be the same color and carry large, graphic health warnings. The brand name will appear in a small font. The font style and size and the position of the brand will be uniform.​(Padraig Collins, Australia Will Be First Country to Ban Logos on Cigarette Packets. The Irish Times, March 24, 2010) Brand Names and Language Differences The impact of language differences must be understood if a brand name is to be successfully transferred since key elements of the marketing communication mix used to sell products, like brand names or advertising campaigns, are language based. . . . [W]e propose that when entering the Chinese market, three decision rules should be followed in order to successfully transfer a brand name to China: First, the brand name should accurately reflect the unique selling proposition or the basis of sustainable competitive advantage of the product/brand. Second, a successfully transferred brand name has a symbolic as well as a literal meaning: one that induces positive associations between the transferred brand and the preferred cultural practices or personal goals. Third, a successfully transferred brand name should be memorable; it should enter the evoked set with top of the mind recall.(Julie Mo, Jason McNicol, and Lance Eliot Brouthers, What Is in a Name? Transferring Brands to China. Marke ting in the 21st Century: New World Marketing, Vol. One, ed. by T. J. Wilkinson and A.R. Thomas. Greenwood, 2007) Also Known As: trade name

Unit 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 6 - Assignment Example Imbalances in wage structure arise when there is a deviation from the optimum wage set by the self-regulating system in the economy. I feel there are imbalances in the wage structure in our economy. The labor market comprise of different types of workers differing from one another in a number of ways with the job differing in characteristics both in terms of wage and in terms of other nonmonetary attributes (Mankiw, 2011). In order to protect employees from exploitation by their employers, the government sets a minimum wage limit. This has been of help raising the wages of the less skilled compared to what they would have earned in a labor market that is unregulated. However, despite this, the wages of some workers have been set above the equilibrium level arising to disequilibrium in the labor market (Mankiw, 2011). We can also attribute this to compensating differentials which refers to the difference in wages which arises from other nonmonetary characteristics of various types of jobs which is quite prevalent in our economy. An example would be employees with similar qualifications but since one works during a night shift earns more. Employees deployed to work in hardship conditions may be compensated more compared to employees with similar qualifications but working under friendly environments. Human capital is the accumulation of investment in people with the most explication of it being education. The perspective of demand and supply postulates that there exists a correlation between high wages and the level of education. Additionally, firms demanding for labor tend to be more willing to pay more for the highly educated employees since they tend to have higher marginal productivity due to their proficiency (Mankiw, 2011). On the other hand, the suppliers of labor tend to also be more willing to pay the costs of becoming educated only if there is a reward for that. Thus the difference in wages between the highly educated

How do UK companies' Mechanisms Affect and Help their Corporate Dissertation

How do UK companies' Mechanisms Affect and Help their Corporate Governance - Dissertation Example Throughout the entire period in fulfilling the objectives of this dissertation, I was greatly blessed with his extensive guidance and supervision over my work. I cannot complete this part without saying ‘thank you, sir’. Subsequent to that, my colleagues and friends who also played their part have extended their hand for my project; the successful culmination of this dissertation has also observed the role of my friends. For such contribution, I am also indebted to them. Abstract The purpose of this paper was to understand and highlight corporate governance mechanisms pursued by the different organizations. For this purpose, the annual reports were used to extract the relevant information. Subsequently, the empirical analysis was carried out the understand interplay between the financial performance and the corporate governance mechanisms. The results indicate that the strongly established corporate governance mechanisms considerably improve the financial performance. Th e results indicate that the companies having strong corporate governance mechanisms were experiencing strong financial performance. However, more focus should be given to cooperation and coordination between executive and non-executive directors. Table of Content Introduction 5 Literature Review 8 Methodology 11 UNILEVER PLC 13 TATE & LYLE PLC 18 TESCO PLC 21 THORNTONS PLC 24 SAINSBURY PLC 27 SABMILLER PLC 32 MORRISON PLC 35 MARKS & SPENCER PLC 38 DIAGEO PLC 41 DIARY CREST GROUP PLC 44 CRANSWICK PLC 47 BRITVIC PLC 51 BOOKER GROUP PLC 55 ASSOCIATED BRITISH FOODS PLC 61 A.G. BARR PLC 65 Conclusion and Recommendation 70 Bibliography 77 Appendices Introduction Board governance mechanism haves experienced the focus of a range of reports in the United Kingdom, especially the Cadbury Report (1992)1 and the Hampel Report (1998)2. However, from these reports along with the support of Green bury Report (1996)3 came the Combined Code of best practice.4 In the United Kingdom, companies are expe cted to understand and implement board structures in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Combined Code. As a prerequisite of listing on the London Stock Exchange, firms are required to include a corporate governance statement in their annual reports. The purpose of this inclusion is to mention the ways in which companies apply the principles and provisions of the Combined Code. Subsequently, this elaborates the concept of the ‘comply or explain’ rule for the companies registered in the United Kingdom. In this regard, it has been provided that the Combined Code mentions three significant corporate governance mechanisms: duality and setting up of board sub-committees and the number of Non-Executive Directors. A considerable amount of literature is available to highlight that boards should include and ensure a balance of Non-Executive and Executive Directors. In this regard, Raheja contended that Executive Directors provide benefit to companies because of the extent of their company-related information.5 In addition to that, various studies provide that Non-Executive Directors have a constructive and positive effect and studies find that boards dominated by the Non-Executive Directors have more tendencies to act in the best interests of the shareholders.6 The UK Combined Code of best practice have recommended that Non-Executive Directors should make up at least one-third of the Board and consequently there have been

The Impact of African Slave Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Impact of African Slave Trading - Essay Example Thornton cites the example of the Ndongo war, which lasted from 1625 until 1655 in countering the traditionally held ideal that wars were strictly economical (Thornton 101). This war was fought over succession to the throne of Ndongo (Thornton 100) and can account for many of the Angolan slaves captured during this time (Thronton 101). â€Å"Such wars, however, may well have been waged solely in order to acquire slaves even without the demands of Atlantic traders† (Thornton 102). Thornton believes war and slavery were an accepted way of life in Africa, and as such would have continued without the European influence. However this is one simple example that does not explain the reasoning behind the multitude of other wars in Africa. He mentions that motives might appear to be economical when indeed they are political, but it seems impossible to believe that the knowledge of demand for slaves would not have affected the leader’s decisions in initiating war with economic ga in in mind. While Thornton does acknowledge that there was a boost in the slavery market due to the European influence, he does not seem to acknowledge the depth of change the demand of the European traders must have had. It seems that with such a large demand for slaves, it would profoundly influence the economics of the African tribes. It would be exhaustive to attempt to catalog the actual number of slaves taken from Africa over such a long time period but we are able to look at isolated instances that illuminate the effects of the slave trade.

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy With the development of technology at high speed, particularly in the field of electronic products, some companies have launched brilliant products which are full of imagination and creativity. These products are exercising an invisible and formative influence on society. Among these products, the series of products from Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc.) may be some of the most noticeable ones. Apple Inc., whose products have attracted peoples attention all over the world and have occupied considerable market share in global range, is one of the most successful international company currently. According to the statistics from NPD group, in the term of premium personal computer, Mac, which is the name of a series of Apples PC, revenue market share was 91 percent on June 2009. (Wilcox 2009). This consequence can be attributed to two major reasons: Apples product development and Apples extensive marketing (Schumacher 2009). In the meanwhile, Apples success affects society in two aspects, namely fashion style and changing peoples habits. This essay will expand the reasons mentioned above to analysis why Apple have achieved huge success worldwide, and then illustrate the positive effects on society owing to Apples products. Due to the success of Apple Inc. and its contribution to society, I would like to consider that Apple Inc. is one of the most outstanding companies at present age. Key Reasons for Apples Success Admittedly, the reasons which may bring about Apples success are various, nevertheless this essay mainly propose two most important reasons. Of major consideration is Apples product line, which is assuredly responsible for Apples success. Specifically, there are four sub reasons, which are constantly improving, innovative product line (Kingsley-Hughes 2009); simple design and user interface; high quality components; coherent hardware and software (Schumacher 2009), relevant to Apples product development. Apples product development First of all, Apples product line encompasses a series of brilliant and distinctive products, such as Mac (Macintosh), iPod, iPhone and iPad; and in the mean time the designers of Apple Inc. are improving and innovating on their product line constantly. Innovative spirit of Apple Inc. has been approved across the world. In 2005, Boston Consulting Group held a poll whose is called Top 20 Innovative Companies in the World, and collected the statistical data from 940 senior executives in 68 countries. The result of this investigation revealed that Apple Inc. was appraised as the most innovative company in the world and accounted for 24.84% of the entire vote (Nussbaum 2005). For example, iPod, as one of the representative product of Apple, was launched in 2001. Initially, although it attracted consumer attention, it only supported the Macintosh operation system, which meant that it could only be used on Macintosh computers and lost many other users who used windows operation system. The n, in 2002, Apple Inc. launched the second generation of iPod, which began to support Windows OS. As a result, iPod became more widely popular with both Macintosh and Windows users. Three years later, a new generation of iPod, which can play not only audio files but also video files, was launched on 12th October 2005. Moreover, for users convenience, the battery life was longer than before. In 2007, the newest generation with larger capacity which can store up to 4000 songs or 100 movies, was launched. (Identifying iPod models 2010) During the process of iPods development, we can see that Apple Inc. is improving their products constantly and adding innovative elements on the products to offer distinctive and unique user experience. The second element, which is considered to be relevant to Apples products, is their simple design style and friendly user interface. To take a panoramic view of Apples product line, whether an iPod, an iPhone or an iPad, they retain the simple design consistently. There are only a few buttons and different parts embedded into Apples products. The appearance of these products is one whole piece of technology and has no splicing traces on them. The simple user interface is a distinctive character, as well. For instance, an iPhone have no different submenus or other ways to display the menu, it is easy for users to reach the function which they want to use directly and avoid unnecessary confusion (Schumacher 2009). Thirdly, high quality components could lead to the success of Apples products. These products do not tend to integrate newest hardware and offer highest available capacities. That is to say, Apples products use suitable components to provide suitable functions, which ensure these products can run stably. For example, although there may be only have a 2 mega pixel camera integrated into an iPhone and this camera could not satisfy any user to take photos, the moment it is necessary for people to take a picture, the camera is ready and gives full scope to photography. (Schumacher 2009) Finally, the cohesion of hardware and software brings the success of Apples products. Apple Inc. not only focuses on developing the hardware but also developing the software, which enhances the performances of these products. For example, in order to improve iPods performances and provide convenience to users, Apple Inc. developed the software named iTunes, which is a software supporting a Mac or a PC. It arranges and plays audio and video files on a computer. Moreover, all media stored on a computer can be synchronized with an iPod, an iPhone and an iPad. In the meantime, it is a digital store on a computer and other apples products with a large quantity of music and movies (What is iTunes? n.d.). Additionally, iTune is updated on Apples website regularly, so that users can use newest version to enhance their iPods. In brief, Apple Inc. insists on improving and innovating on the product line to develop brilliant products constantly. And these products offer friendly user interface and simple design style for users who can operate these products easily. Moreover, high quality components are integrated into Apples products to enhance their performance. In addition, Apples Inc. develops software to support their products in order to providing convenience to users. Therefore, Apples product development is the basis of Apples success. Apples s marketing Assuredly, Apples product development is a necessary premise to Apples success. On the other side, Apples extensive marketing plays an important role as well. Apples marketing strategies can be summarized as two primary sides. One is advertising; the other is the communication style. Firstly, the success of Apples market could be caused by Apples advertising strategy. The slogans for Apples products can be seen in almost every place, such as in the streets, at the bus stops and on the large screens of squares. With Apples products, the slogans are creative and attractive, for instance, The first music player that talks to you (iPod shuffle n.d.) and Soon there will be 2 kinds of people. Those who use computers, and those who use Apples (Alex 2006). Due to these dense and eye-catching advertising with memorable slogans, Apples products are deeply rooted among the people quickly and accepted by people. Secondly, one of the most brilliant points of Apples marketing strategies is the communication style. Midgley and Midgley decribe a successful communication style as Golden Circle in the following words: If a company aligns itself with the customers values and consistently delivers its product or service in accordance with those values, then the customer will consistently utilize the companys offering. Consistent utilization of a companys offering will ensure a healthy top line. A healthy top line, in turn, produces healthy cash flow. (Midgley and Midgley 2005, 6) Apple Inc. is performing this kind of communication described in Midgley and Midgleys book. Apple Inc. develops their products based on consumers requirements and values, and then transmits its ideas and service to consumers in various ways. For example, in Apples stores all over the world there are lecturers propagating their products and explain why these products are consistent with consumers requirements and values. Besides the open lectures, Apple stores hold a series of events regularly to show the brilliant ideas integrated into Apples products. Via the interaction between Apple Inc. and consumers, how Apples products satisfy consumers values is accepted by consumers in global scope. There is a diagram about the golden circle theory, which illustrates the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. vividly. According to the description in the figure below, Why, How and What means Beliefs, Tactics and Results, respectively (Gartland 2010). At first, Apple Inc. establishes the beliefs to meet consumers values, and then it realizes the beliefs via the development of its products. At last, Apples products are world wildly accepted by consumers. Therefore, Apple Inc. communicates with users in an inside-out way which is a remarkable way and has achieved huge success across the world in marketing. Figure1: the golden circle Source: (Gartland 2010) In sum, Apples products infiltrate into peoples daily life via dense advertising, and these products, which benefit from the communication style of Apple Inc, are accepted by people. Hence, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are another key reason that brings about its success. Effects on Society The reasons mentioned above have led to Apples success. Two consequences may emerge, owing to Apples success, which are fashion style and changing peoples habits. Fashion Style With the increasing popularity with Apples products, an iPod or an iPhone is not only an mp3 player or a mobile phone but also a fashion symbol. Especially an iPod has become a synonym for an mp3 player. Lavey described the effects of Apples products on fashionable style as the words below: After the iMac came out, suddenly things werent cool if the product name didnt have a lower-case i in it, and the word pod after the iPod became popular. (Lavey 2009) Thus, the names of Apples products have become fashionable words. Moreover, the exquisite and simple design style has also become the world trends being pursued by people. Changing Peoples Habits Another effect brought by Apples products is the change of peoples habits. The Nike/iPod Sport Kit (Nike + iPod n.d.) is a typical example. It can track individual exercise performance of jogging and verbally report their results the moment users have progress. So that users can supervise their pace and distance circumstantially. While people usually use a stop watch record the total time they have run and then roughly calculate their average speed before using the Nike/iPod Sport Kit. Following this further, people used to prefer jogging with partners in order to motivating each other; however, it is not easy to find a partner who runs at the similar pace and duration (Shannon, Florian 2007). In order to resolve this problem, a piece of research was conducted in 2006 and showed that technology is helpful to motivate people to be active and allow for social communication (Consolvo et al. 2006). The Nike/iPod Sport Kit has realized the research theory because of the interaction betwee n users and it. Therefore, according to the example mentioned above, we can see that Apples products have changed peoples habits in some aspects. Conclusion In conclusion, Apples product development and its extensive marketing have resulted in the success of Apple Inc. As a premise factor of the success, Apple Inc. persists in developing innovative products with friendly user interface and simple design style. Moreover, high quality components integrated into Apples products ensure the stable performance. In addition, coherent software and hardware of these products provide more convenience to users. Besides brilliant products, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are remarkable as well. peoples daily life is infiltrated by Intensive advertising of Apple Inc. and then its communication style is also approved by consumers in global range. Owing to the success, Apple Inc. have guided a new fashion style and changed peoples habits in some fields. Therefore, it is evidently reasonable to consider that Apple Inc. is one of most outstanding companies in the world currently.

Trapping a Mouse Essay -- Expository Process Essays

Trapping a Mouse Trapping a mouse is not as easy as one might think. Mice are very crafty and they have an uncanny ability to steal the bait from a trap without getting caught. I was shown at a very early age just how slick these mice could be. Consequently, I was also taught the proper way to trap a mouse. It is very important to use the right ingredients when trapping these pesky critters. This is very important to ensure a good clean kill. You should use the two-bait method. By using this time-tested procedure, you will have an approximate success rate of 80% to 100%. The two ingredients used for this type of trapping are peanut butter and Velveeta cheese. Why these two particular items? Have you eaten a peanut butter sandwich at some point in your life, or a piece of Velveeta cheese? If you have, you know how sticky and chewy they both are. These two facts are what make them the prime ingredients for luring and trapping mice. I have tried other methods over the years, but the rodent has always managed to cheat the jaws of death. He would snatch the bait and run before the trap even went off. After many futile attempts with the other ways of trapping, I'd always revert to that time proven method. My grandfather was the one who devised this two-bait method. As a child I lived in a two-family home. My family and I lived on the first floor, along with my grandparents who lived on the second. I spent a lot of time with my grandfather. You may be wondering why this whole mouse trapping endeavor came to be. Let me tell you, growing up in an Italian household there was always plenty of food around, especially bread and cheese along with fruit and nuts that were lef... ...stairs to see if it worked. As I opened the door to the apartment, there sitting at the table in all his glory was my grandfather. He was wearing an ear to ear grin that could have lit up the darkest of nights. He motioned for me to come over to him. As I got closer to him, he said, "go look behind the icebox." I walked over to it and with nervous anticipation I peeked behind. Lo and behold, there he was, the mouse that had caused so much turmoil for my grandfather, now dead, caught by a persistent old man of many ideas. Thus started the two-bait method for trapping a mouse. You must use peanut butter and Velveeta cheese. But not too much of either because you want the mouse to have to stand on the trap in order to get at the bait. Then, locate the site of those rude little mouse droppings! Once you've found that, you are ready to "Trap a Mouse!" Trapping a Mouse Essay -- Expository Process Essays Trapping a Mouse Trapping a mouse is not as easy as one might think. Mice are very crafty and they have an uncanny ability to steal the bait from a trap without getting caught. I was shown at a very early age just how slick these mice could be. Consequently, I was also taught the proper way to trap a mouse. It is very important to use the right ingredients when trapping these pesky critters. This is very important to ensure a good clean kill. You should use the two-bait method. By using this time-tested procedure, you will have an approximate success rate of 80% to 100%. The two ingredients used for this type of trapping are peanut butter and Velveeta cheese. Why these two particular items? Have you eaten a peanut butter sandwich at some point in your life, or a piece of Velveeta cheese? If you have, you know how sticky and chewy they both are. These two facts are what make them the prime ingredients for luring and trapping mice. I have tried other methods over the years, but the rodent has always managed to cheat the jaws of death. He would snatch the bait and run before the trap even went off. After many futile attempts with the other ways of trapping, I'd always revert to that time proven method. My grandfather was the one who devised this two-bait method. As a child I lived in a two-family home. My family and I lived on the first floor, along with my grandparents who lived on the second. I spent a lot of time with my grandfather. You may be wondering why this whole mouse trapping endeavor came to be. Let me tell you, growing up in an Italian household there was always plenty of food around, especially bread and cheese along with fruit and nuts that were lef... ...stairs to see if it worked. As I opened the door to the apartment, there sitting at the table in all his glory was my grandfather. He was wearing an ear to ear grin that could have lit up the darkest of nights. He motioned for me to come over to him. As I got closer to him, he said, "go look behind the icebox." I walked over to it and with nervous anticipation I peeked behind. Lo and behold, there he was, the mouse that had caused so much turmoil for my grandfather, now dead, caught by a persistent old man of many ideas. Thus started the two-bait method for trapping a mouse. You must use peanut butter and Velveeta cheese. But not too much of either because you want the mouse to have to stand on the trap in order to get at the bait. Then, locate the site of those rude little mouse droppings! Once you've found that, you are ready to "Trap a Mouse!"

Birth Control

It is a hormonal method of birth control. They increase estrogen and progestin to prevent the egg from leaving the ovaries and to increase the thickness of cervical mucus. The pill is very effective, over 99% effective, when taken as directed. It is safe for most women, but some women with health conditions or who take other medications should not take the pill. The pill may have some side effects. The benefits of birth control are it helps regulate and lighten periods, can help with menstrual cramps, acne, and prevent certain illness.It also improves many women's sex lives due to their ability to be spontaneous. The disadvantages to birth control pills are that few women get spotting between periods, nausea, and breast tenderness. However, that usually goes away within a few months. It can also change a woman's libido. It can also increase risk for some more serious illness. You need a prescription for the pill. You can go toa private clinic, community clinic, or free clinic for an evaluation and prescription. You can get the birth control from a pharmacy or a clinic.You may need an exam to get the prescription, which can cost between 35 and 250 dollars. The cost of the pill each month is between 15 and 50 ollars. Some planned parenthood will give you birth control for very low cost or for free depending on income. You take a pill at the same time during the day every day of the month. Condom A thin piece of plastic or latex that is shaped to fit a pen's. It is worn over the penis during sex. It is a barrier method, it prevents sperm from entering the woman's vagina, anus, or mouth. Condoms are 98% effective when used as directed.You can help their effectiveness by using spermicide and/or pulling out before ejaculation in addition to using a condom. Condoms are very safe unless a person is allergic to atex, in which case they need to purchase a plastic condom. The benefits of using condoms are their convenience, their protection against STD's, don't require a prescription, are cheap and easy to get, and they can help a man stay erect longer. The disadvantages of using condoms are that some partners may be allergic to latex. It also has been said to dull the sensation or interrupt foreplay to have to put on a condom.You can buy condoms at drugstores, community health centers and clinics, or at planned parenthood. Individual condoms cost about a dollar The condom is worn on the penis. You usually roll it on from the tip to the base of he pen's. Spermicide Spermicide is a chemical cream, gel, film, or suppository that stops sperm from moving. Spermicide is a chemical. It keeps sperm from moving or blocks the cervix. When you use spermicide correctly, it is 85% effective for women. The benefits of spermicide is that it can help protect against pregnancy if you are allergic to latex or cannot be on the pill.The disadvantage of spermicide is that it does not protect against S You can get spermicide at drugstores, clinics, or planned parenthood Spermicide costs about 8 dollars. You insert most spermicide deep into your vagina using an applicator or your fingers. Sponge It is made of plastic foam and is filled with spermicide. It covers the cervix to block sperm (barrier) and prevents sperm from moving. Women who use the sponge correctly get pregnant 9% of the time. Most women can use the sponge safely but you should not use it on your period. The benefits of the sponge are that it is safe and convenient.It can be carried in a purse or pocket. It can also not be felt by your partner. The negative effects of the sponge are it may be difficult for women to insert or remove. You can get the sponge at Planned Parenthood, drugstores, or clinics. It costs about 12 dollars for a pack of three. You wet the sponge with a little bit of water. Then you squeeze the sponge gently to activate the spermicide to get the whole thing wet. Then you fold the sponge and insert it as far as your fingers can reach. Feel around the sponge to make sure you can feel the loop and that it is covering the cervix.After intercourse you must leave it in for at least six hours and then pull it out by the loop. Patch The patch is a thin patch placed on the skin to prevent pregnancy. The patch releases hormones, progestin and estrogen It is very affective. Less than 1% of women get pregnant when using the patch as directed. The patch is very safe but cannot be used with some medications. The pros of using the patch is that it allows for a spontaneous sex life. It gives you shorter, lighter periods. It can also help with acne, cramps, and prevent some cancers.The cons of using the patch are that it does not prevent against STDs You can get it from a pharmacy. You need a prescription which you can get from a clinic or your doctor, and it costs about 15 to 80 dollars for one month. You apply the patch on to your skin and leave it for three weeks. Then you take it off for a week. Breastfeeding After giving birth breastfeeding releases hor mones to prevent pregnancy. It is a hormonal method. If a women practices continuous breastfeeding less than 1% get pregnant for six months. There are no side effects.The advantages of the method are the fact that it is very reliable and isn't difficult to use. It is also very safe. The disadvantages of using this method some women find it difficult to exclusively breastfeed their baby and it is only effective for six months after birth. You don't have to get anything, you Just breastfeed your baby. The method is free. You breastfeed your baby four hours during the day and six hours at night and your hormones will the prevent pregnancy. Birth Control Shot It is a shot you get in your arm. It releases progestin into your bloodstream and the hormones will prevent pregnancy.Less than 1% of women get pregnant on the shot. It can not be taken with some medication but for most women it is safe. The advantages of the shot is that it is safe, simple, and is long lasting. The disadvantages a re that there may be some irregular bleeding for the first 6 months. You can get the shot at a private health care provider or a clinic. It requires a prescription and can cost between 35 and 250 dollars. You use it by getting a shot from your doctor. Fertility Awareness Method Fertility Awareness Method works by tracking when the egg is released to prevent pregnancy.It keeps sperm out of the vagina during the periods where she is most fertile. 24% of couples who do not use the method effectively will become pregnant. The method is very safe and has no side effects. The benefits are that it is very safe and it is free. The disadvantages are that you must abstain from sex for ten days each month. You don't need to get anything. It is free and doesn't require a prescription. You keep track of the days you are ovulating and abstain from sex for those times to void pregnancy. Outercourse It is sex without penetration. It works by keeping sperm out of the vagina.It is practically 100% ef fective when used correctly. It is very safe and has no side effects. The benefits are that it decreases the probability of STD's, and can make sex play last longer and increase closeness and trust between partners. The disadvantages are that some people may find it difficult to abstain from vaginal sex. It cannot be obtained, you Just have sex differently. It is free, you don't need a prescription. The ways to have sex without penetration are oral sex, anal sex, masturbation, sex oys, kissing, manual stimulation, body-to-body rubbing, and fantasy.Diaphragm It is a shallow dome shaped cup you insert into your vagina. It is a barrier method. When used correctly, it is affective 94% of the time. It is more effective when used with spermicide. The advantages of this method are it is immediately effective, can be carried in a purse, doesn't affect hormones, and the sex partner can not usually feel it. The disadvantages are it may be difficult for some women to insert and can be moved ou t of place by aggressive sex or certain sex positions. You must see a health care provider to get a diaphragm.You must be fitted and given a prescription, then you can buy it at a drugstore. It can cost between 15 and 75 dollars (not counting the cost of the exam). You put spermicide in the cup. You fold the diaphragm in half and insert i t into the vagina, making sure it covers your cervix. Morning After Pill It is emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse. It keeps a woman's ovary from being released for longer so that it can not come in contact with sperm. Most are up to 89% effective when taken within three days of unprotected sex. It is very safe, there are no reports of any serious complications.The advantages to this method are that if you have unprotected sex, this can be a kind of last resort to protect yourself after. The disadvantages to the morning after pill are rare, but some side effects such as irregular periods, breast tenderness, or nausea. At 17 or old er you can buy a pill over the counter without a prescription. Under 17 you need a prescription. It can cost between 10 and 70 dollars. You take the pill as soon as you can after your unprotected sex. Abstinence Abstinence is abstaining from, or not having, sex. It works because you are not penetrating the vagina therefore cannot get pregnant.The method is 100% effective. The advantages to this method are it is free and there are no side effects. The disadvantage to abstinence is that it isn't any fun because you cant have sex. You don't need to purchase it. The method is free. You use it by exercising self control and not having sex. It costs about 295,560 dollars to raise a child until the age of 17 years old. It costs about 10,000 dollars for the babies first year of life. It costs about 550 dollars for diapers for one year. Formula will cost about 1,188 dollars. Other supplies will cost about 2,050 dollars for the first year. Birth Control The increasing world population is the most important problem that should be solved in order to solve big social problems such as bad economic situations and lack of resources. Birth control, although may lead to religious, cultural and spiritual objections, is the most effective way to decrease the population growth rate. Thus, governments should begin programs of compulsory birth control due to the fact that group survival is more important than personal freedom.Firstly, a high birth rate means an ever-growing population, needing more accommodation, education, and health care. When you fail to control high birth rates, this will bring about an increase in the population. The increasing needs of the expanding population cannot be supplied easily. Overpopulation will cause hunger, health problems and dissatisfaction among people. Additionally, with a high birth rate in a rapidly growing population, social problems will lead to social crises and explosion. Thus, high birth rate in a p opulation is a very serious problem that should be solved as fast as possible to avoid crises in the country in concern.Secondly, another negative aspect of high birth rate is the decrease of the natural resources of a country. The reduction of natural resources also brings about high inflation rates and negative economic conditions. When natural resources of a country fail to meet the growing domestic need, prices increase and living standards decline. Thus, in a developing country, the government should not let the population increase uncontrollably.Thirdly, birth control is the most effective and fastest solution to stop an increasing population. A common criticism of the practice of mandatory birth control is that it would not work properly, because it might be against people’s religious beliefs. However, a high birth rate is a real problem, which the government should actively control for a guaranteed solution. The government should launch a campaign to promote the neces sity of birth control and to increase awareness among people.To sum up, because awareness raising programs will take a long time, until then for a faster solution, the government, which has the power to enforce such programs, should start compulsory birth control programs while raising consciousness and conducting publicity campaigns.